Strange sources of substitute motor fuels for civilian use in blockaded Europe are revealed in recent studies made by Dr. Gustav Egloff and P. M. Van Arsdell of the Universal Oil Products Company, Chicago. A baker in Sweden is fueling 30 trucks with alcohol condensed from the steam of baking bread. In France and Spain grape alcohol is used as a substitute for gasoline. Gas from garbage disposal plants, peat from the bogs of Holland and even wooden paving blocks ripped from Paris streets are helping to keep the cars of civilians rolling during the war. These substitutes release vital quantities of liquid fuels for military use. Dr. Egloff estimates that development of synthetic fuels has made some 122,700,000 barrels of fuel available to the Axis powers, while the Russian campaign has been costing Germany about 21,500,000 barrels of oil per month. Substitute fuels in the form of compressed gases, liquids (alcohol, turpentine, benzol and shale oil) and solids (peat, coal and wood) are used almost exclusively for civilian transport. The result has been the appearance of wood-burning and coal-burning automobiles, gas stations dealing in wood chips, tanks of compressed gas and other substitutes. At the end of 1941 it was estimated that civilians in Europe were operating 107,225 compressed gas vehicles and 373,143 producer gas cars.